First edition. Offprint of this very interesting article on epistemology by Henri Poincaré in which he analyzes the relationship between the mathematical laws of physics and the data of experience: When should one be right in one and wrong in the other? In this report which was presented to the International Congress of Physics in 1900, Poincaré discusses there in particular at the end of the text the Lorentz equations which make it possible to analyze certain physical facts but not all, which will be decided by Einstein a few years later with his special theory of relativity. This debate is still an issue for modern physics about dark matter, should we change physical theories or improve our measurement capabilities?.